TimeScale Creator

We strive to provide detailed global and regional “reference” scales of Earth history. Such scales summarize our current consensus on the inter-calibration of events, their relationships to international divisions of geologic time and their estimated numerical ages. The current database suite encompasses over 20,000 biologic, geomagnetic, sea-level, stable isotope, and other events, plus Lunar and Martian chronostratigraphy, impact events, global reconstruction images, etc.. The numerical ages of all events are dynamically computed by specified inter-calibration or proportional relationships and specified values for age-control points (e.g., stage boundary or magnetic chron age assignments of Geologic Time Scale 2004).

The internal database contains over 200 stratigraphic columns (datum suites, zones, polarity patterns, coastal on-lap and geochemical curves, etc.) grouped in a thematic menu:

The database includes the following main “directories”:

1. Standard Chronostratigraphy -- Divisions of International Geologic Scale (era-period-epoch-stages through Precambrian, plus sub-stages for Mesozoic) and Boundary stratotypes (GSSPs).
2. Planetary – geologic intervals for Moon, Mars, Mercury
3. Geomagnetic polarity zones (Phanerozoic).
4. Main Mesozoic-Paleozoic Macrofossil Groups (Ammonoids, conodonts, graptolites, trilobites) depending on period
5. Sealevels (Major trends and sequences for entire Paleozoic by different authors, schematic coastal onlaps in meters)
6. Stable Isotopes (Oxygen-18, Carbon-13 and Strontium ratios)
7. Microfossil zones with first/last appearance datums (planktonic and benthic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils, dinoflagellate cysts, radiolarians, diatoms, etc.)
8. Other Marine Macrofossils (belemnites, bivalves, brachiopods, ostracodes, etc.)
9. Spores, Pollen and Flora
10. Land Animals (mammals, major early reptiles; well, some fish also)
11. Regional Stages (N.Amer., Eurasia, Australia, etc.)
12. Quaternary (high-resolution ice core data, Chinese loess, regional stages)
13. Global reconstructions; impact events and large igneous provinces

Below is a full listing of the columns with selected major sources. Many of these have been contributed by specialists in the various subcommissions of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). We invite users to recommend enhancements and revisions; and other suites to add; especially where compilations are available.

Download dataset table and references here.

TimeScale Creator datasets (thematically ordered)
			40,000 datalines; in 330 columns that are grouped into 90 directories/subdirectories
Category		Age span
Group and sub-group	Subsets		Sources (selected major ones)

Standard International Chronostratigraphy
Eon, … Period, … Stage, Substage		Present - Hadean	International Commission on Stratigraphy has the official GSSP definitions and nomenclature [See website of Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information at http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu]. [NOTE: Quaternary is shown here as a formal period, spanning the past 2.6 myr, following definition of INQUA and GSA; with base-Pleistocene dashed at same level, following proposals by INQUA/ICS in 2007].
GSSPs (boundary stratotypes)		Present - Ediacaran	Mouse-Over option brings up windows with details on each ratified or potential boundary, plus direct URL links to GSSP documentation for each section (details, location map, stratigraphic section) at website of ICS's Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information at http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu.
Jur-Cret boundary chronostrat - high latitudes		Ryzanian-Kimm.	Subset of the Boreal and British regional stages (based on GTS2004).


Planetary			Tanaka, K.L. and Hartman, W.K. (2008) Planetary time scale.
Moon	Periods, Epochs	Present - 4.6 Ga
	Events	Present - 4.6 Ga
Mars	Periods, Epochs	Present - 4.6 Ga
	Events	Present - 4.6 Ga
Venus	Period, and events	Present - 4.6 Ga
Mercury	Period, and events	Present - 4.6 Ga

Geomagnetic Polarity
Primary		Present - Cambrian	GTS2004 composites [Cenozoic-Late Jurassic from chapter on geomagnetic polarity time scale; Late Triassic provided by Dennis Kent in June 2005 (after Kent and Olsen, 1999), Early Triassic after Szurlies (2007) and Hounslow (2007), Late Permian after Steiner (2006); and other periods after compilations in associated GTS2004 chapter]. Early Permian-Devonian = modified slightly from compilations in GTS04 (see Concise GTS). Ordov-Late Camb = Pavlov and Gallet, 2005. Middle and Early Camb = Kirschvink and Rozanov, 1984; Kirschvink, 1978.
	Secondary	Oxf-Kimm; upper half of Triassic	Modified from Concise GTS and GTS2004 Jurassic and Triassic chapters (Late Jurassic from Ogg-Coe and Ogg-Atrops, unpublished; Middle to Late Triassic mainly from Krystyn et al, 2002, Gallet et al., 1998, Gallet et al, 2006)


Main Mesozoic-Paleozoic Macrofossil Groups
Ammonoids			NOTE: Paleozoic zonations are not as well-standardized as for the Jurassic.
Tethyan	Zones, Subzones	Cret - Tri.	CRETACEOUS = Thierry et al. (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998), with GTS2004 revisions; JURASSIC = Groupe Francais d'etude du Jurassique (1997); TRIASSIC = Mietto and Manfrin (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998), with GTS2004 and Kozur (2005) revisions.
North American Western Interior	Zones, Close-spaced zones	Late Cret.	W.A. Cobban (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998), with GTS2004 revisions. Intervals with close-spaced (less than 0.3 myr) zones have a separate column to avoid over-crowding.
Sub-Boreal	Zones, Subzones	Cret - Triassic	CRETACEOUS = J. Thierry et al. (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998), with GTS2004 revisions; JURASSIC = Groupe Français d'Étude du Jurassique (1997); TRIASSIC = P. Van Veen (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998), with GTS2004 revisions.
Boreal	Zones, Subzones	e.Cret. - Trias.	GTS2004 Jurassic chapter (original was compiled by Sven Backstrom, via Felix Gradstein, ~1995), and Groupe Français d'Étude du Jurassique (1997)
Ammonoids (Paleozoic)
	Ammonoid zone abbreviation	Permian - Devon	PERMIAN-CARBONIFEROUS = Davydov (GTS2004); DEVONIAN = Becker and House (2000)
	Ammonoid zone name (Perm-Carb) of Davydov GTS04	Permian - Devon	PERMIAN-CARBONIFEROUS = Davydov (GTS2004)
	Standard Perm-Devon ammonoid zones (Russian; etc.)	Permian - Devon	PERMIAN = Henderson (2005); CARBONIFEROUS = Russia Charts of Koren' et al (2006) which referenced: Postanovlenia MSK ..., 2003; DEVONIAN = Becker and House (2000)
	Boreal (Permian; Cis-Urals)	Perm - late Carb	Davydov-Wardlaw (GTS2004, Fig. 16.3) and Kozur (2003)
	Low-latitude Permian zones	Perm ian	Davydov-Wardlaw (GTS2004, Fig. 16.3) and Kozur (2003)
	Standard Carboniferous ammonoid zone (Work'08)	Carboniferous	Zonal calibrations are partly contributed by David Work (Jan'08 for Concise GTS)
	Devonian geno-zone	Devonian	Becker and House (2000)
	Devonian numbered subzone; subzone name	Devonian	Becker and House (2000)
	Paleozoic ammonoid major markers	Carb - Devonian	PERMIAN = Kozur (2003), Davydov et al., 2004, and Henderson (2005); CARBONIFEROUS = GTS2004 diagram (Davydov et al., 2004 and unpublished zonation table), DEVONIAN = Becker and House (2000)
Conodonts
Triassic	N.Amer., with major markers	Triassic	Mainly Orchard and Tozer (1997) with updates from Mike Orchard and Bob Nicoll
	Tethys, with major markers	Triassic	Kozur (2003) with modifications by Mike Orchard and Bob Nicoll
Paleozoic	Numbered zone	Permian - Carb	Zone abbreviations used by Davydov (GTS04) for his graphical correlation results (mainly Eurasia)
	Conodont zone name (Perm-Carb) of Davydov GTS04	Permian - Carb	Zone names assigned by Davydov (GTS04) for his numbered zones from graphical correlation results (mainly Eurasia)
	Standard conodont zone	Permian - Silurian	GTS2004 diagrams (with Permian updated by Henderson, 2005; and Carboniferous zones from Russian chart, 2006, which referenced: Postanovlenia MSK ..., 2003)
	Subzones (Late Devonian)	Late Devon.	GTS2004 diagram (House et al., 2004)
	Alternate Frasnian MN set	Late Devon.	GTS2004 diagram (House et al., 2004)
Markers		Trias - Ordov	TRIASSIC = mainly Orchard and Tozer (1997) and Kozur (2003); PALEOZOIC = GTS2004 diagrams (with Permian updated by Henderson, 2005; and Permian-Carboniferous enhanced by V. Davydov)
N.Amer. Mid-Continent (Carb.)	Zones, markers	Carb.	Rich Lane (in Lane and Brenckle, 2005)
Ordovician	North Atlantic zones, subzones	Ordovician	Figure 2.2 in Webby et al. (2004; The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event)
	N.Amer. Mid-Continent zones, subzones	Ordovician	Figure 2.2 in Webby et al. (2004; The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event) -- cross-correlated to number-lettered "TimeSlices" that were fixed to Graptolites
Graptolites			Numerical age standards = Cooper & Sadler, 2005
Silurian-E. Devonian Standard	Zones	e. Devon. - Silur.	Silurian subcommission; GTS2004 diagrams (various authors; especially Mike Melchin)
Australia	Zones, subzones, markers, datums	Ordovician	Biostratigraphy from VandenBerg & Cooper 1992. Numerical ages = Cooper & Sadler, 2005, as interpreted by John Laurie, May 2007 (Pers. commun.)
N. Amer.	Zones	Ordovician	Figure 2.1 in Webby et al. (2004; The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event)
China	Zones, subzones	Ordovician	Figure 2.1 in Webby et al. (2004; The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event)
British	Zones, subzones	Ordovician	Figure 2.1 in Webby et al. (2004; The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event)
Baltoscandia	Zones	Ordovician	Figure 2.1 in Webby et al. (2004; The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event)
Trilobites			NOTE: Includes Small Shelly Fossils, and some Archaeocyaths
South China	Zones	Cambrian	Peng and Babcock (Concise GTS08)
Siberia	Zones	Cambrian	Peng and Babcock (Concise GTS08)
Australia	Zones	Cambrian	Peng and Babcock (Concise GTS08)
Laurentia	Zones	Cambrian	Peng and Babcock (Concise GTS08)
Major Cambrian events			NOTE: In same directory as Trilobites
	Trilobite, Small Shelly Fossils, major extinctions, etc.	Cambrian	Peng and Babcock (Concise GTS08)

Sequences, Sea-Level and Stable Isotopes
Sequences, Onlap and T-R Cycles
Cenozoic-Mesozoic-Paleozoic	[ Includes hot-cell annotations ]
Sequences (SEPM Global or Tethyan; Haq and Schutter, 2008)		Present - Cambrian	Ceno-Mesozoic = Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R., et al. (SEPM charts, 1998), Paleozoic = Haq and Schutter (Science, 2008) with Seq-stage-nomenclature by ExxonMobil group (Chengjie Liu et al., Jan’08, who also modified some of the previous SEPM nomenclature for Ceno-Mesozoic)
	Age-Name of Paleozoic Seq by Haq-Schutter'08	Perm.-Camb.	Haq and Schutter (Science, 2008)
Jurassic Boreal sequences		Jurassic	Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R., et al. (SEPM charts. 1998)
	Boreal T-R cycles	Jurassic	Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R., et al. (SEPM charts. 1998)
Coastal Onlap (Phanerozoic synthetic)	Line-only	Present - Cambrian	Coastal Onlap (SEPM-Haq'08 synthetic) -- Ceno-Mesozoic = Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R., et al. (SEPM charts. 1998) with Tethyan SBs, Paleozoic = Haq and Schutter (Science, 2008). SB Falls set as Minor SB = 20m, Medium = 45m, Major = 80m relative to long-term envelope (in turn, Ceno-Jur = SEPM'98; Tri = Haq'05 GeoArabia; Paleozoic = Haq and Schutter'08 Science). The curve-only format allows shifting of the baseline.
	Segmented	Present - Cambrian	" " (Horizontal lines separate each sequence for clarity; but the baseline is fixed as -150m)
Paleozoic Sloss Sequences	Mega-sequences, Super-sequences	Perm.-Camb.	Haq and Schutter (Science, 2008)
Permian-Devonian			Permian = Ross-Ross'95; lowermost Permian = Wardlaw (unpubl.); Upper Carb = Heckel, 2006; Heckel et al., 2007; Lower-Middle Carb = Ross-Ross'87/88; Devonian = Johnson et al. (1985)
	Medium-Resolution Perm-Devon Sequences	Perm-Devon.
	High-Resolution Perm-Carb Sequences	Perm-Carb	Emphasis is on 400kyr cycles. [Requires at least 3cm per myr for resolving details.]
	Permian-Devonian T-R Cycles	Perm-Devon.
	Permian-Devonian Major T-R Trends	Perm-Devon.
Silurian-Ordovician
	Silurian-Ordovician Sealevel Intervals	Silur-Ordov	Silurian = Johnson (2006); Ordovician = Nielsen (2004)
	Silurian Oceanic episodes	Silur.	Jeppsson (1998) as shown in Johnson (2006)
	Ordovician Sealevel Events (Baltoscandia)	Ordov.	Nielsen (2004)
	Ordovician Sequences (Central USA)	Ordov.	Steven Holland (3 Mar'08; stratum@uga.edu ; to J.Ogg). See www.uga.edu/strata/ordoss and www.uga.edu/strata/cincy/strata/strata.html for details and references
Phanerozoic Compilations
Phanerozoic T-R Cycles (SEPM; GTS04)		Present - Ordovician	CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC = Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R., et al. (SEPM charts. 1998); PALEOZOIC = GTS2004 diagrams
Major T-R trends		Present - Trias	CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC = Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R., et al. (SEPM charts. 1998)
Major Paleozoic Sequences (Haq & Al-Qahtani 2005)		Perm.-Camb.	Haq & Al-Qahtani, GeoArabia, 2005
Neftex Sequences		mid-Miocene - Cambrian	Simmons (GeoArabia, 2007)
Sea-Level Curves	(meters relative to Present, or to ancient "zero")
High-Resolution curves	High-Res Plio-Pleist	Present - Pliocene	Miller et al. (Science, 2005) based on conversion of oxygen-isotope data. They have similar detail extending back to 9 Ma, and a generalized curve back to 170 Ma, but the time scales in their table are Berggren et al (1995) and Gradstein et al (1994), which significantly diverge from GTS2004 below 5.32 myr, therefore this older curve is omitted until conversions are available.
	Short-term Phanerozoic	Present - Cambrian	CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC = Hardenbol, J., et al. (SEPM charts. 1998); PALEOZOIC = Haq and Schutter (Science, 2008); amplitudes of SEPM'98 Triassic sequences are offset from long-term Triassic curve by Haq and Al-Qahtani (2005) following advice of Bilal Haq (pers. comm. to J.Ogg, April, 2006), and base of their Triassic (Haq and Al-Qahtani, 2005) was used to adjust the Paleozoic (Haq and Schutter, 2008).
Mean Sea Level (intermediate term, synthetic)		Present - Cambrian	Computed as mid-point of Coastal-onlaps (see above). Ceno-Mesozoic = Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R., et al. (SEPM charts, 1998), Paleozoic = Haq and Schutter (Science, 2008), with Minor = 20m, Medium = 45m, Major = 80m
	Ordovician-Silurian sea level	Ordovician -Silurian	Ordovician = Baltoscandia (Nielsen, 2004); Silurian = inter-regional (Johnson, 2006)
Long-Term average curves	Long-term Phanerozoic (SEPM98-Haq'05)	Present - Cambrian	CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC = Hardenbol, J., et al. (SEPM charts. 1998); PALEOZOIC = Haq and Schutter (Science, 2008); amplitudes of SEPM'98 Triassic sequences are offset from long-term Triassic curve by Haq and Al-Qahtani (2005) following advice of Bilal Haq (pers. comm. to J.Ogg, April, 2006), and base of their Triassic (Haq and Al-Qahtani, 2005) was used to adjust the Paleozoic (Haq and Schutter, 2008).
	Long-Term Meso-Ceno (Tapscott SEPM98)	Present - Triassic	CENOZOIC-JURASSIC of Tapscott in SEPM charts (1998) is consistent with Hardenbol (SEPM98) Long-Term scaling; but TRIASSIC is significantly elevated relative to Haq and Al-Qahtani (2005).
Stable Isotopes (O-18, C-13, Sr)
Oxygen-18	per-mil PDF
Cenozoic (pelagic)
	Plio-Pleist Marine Oxygen-18 composite	Pleist - Pliocene	Lisiecki, L. E., and M. E. Raymo (2005). [scale = +2.5 to +5.2 per-mil PDB]
	Cenozoic Marine Oxygen-18 Composite	Present - latest Cret.	High-resolution for past 6.1 myr = Crowhurst (2002); Low-resolution for 6.2 Ma to 65 Ma = Visual averaging fit to dense data-point plot in Zachos et al. (Nature, 2008); 65 Ma to 67 Ma = Averaged from Zachos et al. (Science, 2001). [scale = -1 to +5 per-mil PDB]
	Marine Isotope Stages	Pleist - Pliocene	(Needs 20 cm/myr !!). Numbering, including Pliocene extension, from Crowhurst (2002) -- see above curve for relatively placement to their O-18 curve. Warm MIS (odd numbers), and Cold MIS (even numbers) listed in seoparate columns to avoid over-crowding.
	Miocene-Paleocene Oxy-18 events	Miocene - Paleocene	Miocene-Oligocene event definitions by Miller et al. (1991) and additional calibrations by Pekar et al (2002); Eocene-Paleocene events after Zachos et al. (2008) and summary by Westerhold et al. (2008) and Westerhold and Rohl (2008, in press); click on events for more details and calibration references.
Carbon-13	per-mil PDF		[scale = +5 to -0.3 per-mil PDB]
	Cenozoic-Mesozoic Composite	Present - Jur	CENOZOIC (0-67 Ma) = Averaged deep-sea from Zachos et al. (2001); LATE CRET (69-100 Ma) = Composite English Chalk by Jarvis et al. (2006); EARLY CRET (109-145 Ma) = Follmi et al (2006, Paleoceanography); JURASSIC (145-200 Ma) = mainly Jenkyns et al. (2002) enhanced by Glowniak and Wierzbowski (2007) for mid-Oxf, Kemp et al. (2005) for early Toarcian, and Palfy et al (2001) for Tri-Jur boundary. [scale = -2 to +5 per-mil PDB]
	Carboniferous Composite	Carboniferous	Saltzman and Young (2005, supplement table) [scale = -7 to -2 per-mil PDB]
	Devonian Composite	Devonian	Buggishch and Joachimski (2006; Europe composite) [scale = 0 to +3 per-mil PDB]
	Cambrian Composite	Cambrian	Zhu et al. (2006; provided by Loren Babcock, then rescaled by Peng-Babcock for Concise GTS in Dec07). Most names seem to relate to China, therefore tied to their China zones where possible. MAJOR excursions, hence: [scale = -7 to +5 per-mil PDB]
Carbon-13 and Anoxic Events
	Late Cretaceous Carbon-13 Events	Late Cret.	LATE CRETACEOUS (69-100 Ma) = Composite English Chalk by Jarvis et al. (2006)
	Cretaceous Anoxic Events	Cretaceous	Concise GTS2004 diagram; compiled from various sources by J.Ogg
	Jurassic Carbon-13 events	Jurassic	Concise GTS2004 diagram; compiled from various sources by J.Ogg
	Devonian Anoxic Events	Devonian	GTS2004 chapter on Devonian; and from Buggishch and Joachimski (2006; Europe composite)
	Cambrian C-13 events	Cambrian	Zhu et al. (2006; provided by Loren Babcock, then rescaled by Peng-Babcock for Concise GTS in Dec07). Most names seem to relate to China, therefore tied to their China zones where possible
Strontium 87/86 ratio	[scale = 0.7068 to 0.7093]	Pliocene - Cambrian	John McArthur (Lowess version 4; 2004, data file supporting his chapter in GTS2004)


Microfossils
Planktonic and Benthic Foraminifers
Planktonic Foraminifers and Calpionellids	[ Includes hot-cell annotations ]
Planktonic Forams
	N,P & Cret zones, subzones, and major datums	Present - Cret.	NEOGENE = Berggren et al. (1995a,b), with revised age calibrations from Lourens et al. (GTS2004 appendix). PALEOGENE = Berggren et al. (1995a,b) with age updates from Berggren and Pearson (2005). CRETACEOUS = ODP Leg 171B (citing Erba et al., 1995) and Robaszynski (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998) with partial recalibrations provided by Paul Sikora (EGI)
	Sub-Tropical (Pt, M, O, E, P) zones, and formal names	Cenozoic	NEOGENE = Berggren et al. (1995a,b), with revised age calibrations from Lourens et al. (GTS2004 tables). PALEOGENE = Berggren and Pearson (2005).
	Neogene additional datums	Neogene	High-resolution (need expanded vertical scale); Lourens et al. (GTS2004 tables); Berggren et al. (1995a,b)
	All planktonic foram datums combined	Present - Cret.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Benthic Foraminifers
Smaller Benthic Forams
	Boreal Cretaceous markers, other datums	Cretaceous	F. Magniez-Jannin (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Tethyan Jurassic zones, subzones, marker datums (Ruget&Nicollin'97)	Jurassic	Christiane Ruget and Jean-Pierre Nicollin -- chapter on "Les Petits Foraminiferes Bentiques Degages"; in Groupe Français d'Étude du Jurassique (1997)
	Tethyan Jurassic zones (SEPM'98)	Jurassic	F. Magniez-Jannin and C. Ruget (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Tethyan Jur-Cret markers (SEPM'98)	e. Cret.	F. Magniez-Jannin (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	All small benthic foram datums combined	Present - Jurassic	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Larger Benthic Forams
	Zones, markers	Present - Trias.	Various authors in Hardenbol et al (SEPM charts, 1998): [Oligocene-Miocene = B. Cahuzac and A. Poignant. Detailed Paleocene-Eocene = J. Serra-Kiel and L. Hottinger. Upper Cretaceous = M. Bilotte. Lower Cretaceous = Annie Arnaud Vanneau. Jurassic & Triassic = B. Peybernes.]
	Other datums (Ceno-Cret)	Present - Trias.	Various authors in Hardenbol et al (SEPM charts, 1998): [Oligocene-Miocene = B. Cahuzac and A. Poignant. Detailed Paleocene-Eocene = J. Serra-Kiel and L. Hottinger. Upper Cretaceous = M. Bilotte. Lower Cretaceous = Annie Arnaud Vanneau. Jurassic & Triassic = B. Peybernes.]
	All larger benthic foram datums combined	Present - Cret.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
	Jurassic benthic foram datums (Bassoullet'97)	Jurassic	Jean-Paul Bassoullet -- chapter on "Les Grands Foraminiferes"; in Groupe Français d'Étude du Jurassique (1997)
Fusulinids and Benthic Forams (Carb-Perm)
	Benthic Foram zone abbreviation, zone name	Perm - Carb	Scheme of Davydov (GTS04)
	Standard Carboniferous fusulinid zone	Carboniferous	Zones are from Russian chart (2006) which referenced: Postanovlenia MSK ..., 2003
	Benthic Foram Major Intercontinental Marker	Perm - Carb	Davydov (GTS04), Paul Brenckle, Peter Jones and other sources (compiled by J.Ogg)
	Boreal Benthic Foram Zone	e. Perm - Carb	Davydov (1996, Carb-Perm chapters in GTS2004, unpublished zonation table to GTS2004, and unpublished Permian correlation chart)
	N.Amer. Mid-Continent zone	Perm - Carb	PERMIAN = Davydov (1996; 2001); MISS = Paul Brenckle (pers. commun., October 2006; and in Lane and Brenckle, 2005), PENN = unpublished ExxonMobil'01
	N.Amer. Mid-Continent assemblage	Carboniferous	Paul Brenckle (pers. commun., October 2006; and in Lane and Brenckle, 2005)
	Other N.Amer. Mid-Continent	Perm - Carb	Ross and Ross (1988, 1995b)
	North American Cordilleran zones, assemblages	Carboniferous	Paul Brenckle (2006, written communication to Jim Ogg)
Calpionellids
	Zones, datums	E.Cret. - Lt. Jur.	J. Remane (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998), with GTS2004 revisions.
Calc. Nannofossils
Tethyan/Global			NEOGENE = mainly Lourens et al. (GTS2004 tables); PALEOGENE = Tables in Berggren et al. (1995a, b). Late CRETACEOUS = mainly Erba et al (1995) as tabulated by ODP Leg 171B Init. Repts. (Table 2, p. 17-18). Middle and Early CRETACEOUS = compiled by Jim Bergen, based on publications by Tim Bralower et al (1995), J. Bergen (1994) and Eric Kanael
	NN, NP, CC zones, subzones	Present - Cret.
	CN, CP, NC zones, subzone	Present - Cret.
	Zone Markers & Jur-Tri datums	Present - Lt. Trias.
	Other markers	Present - Cret.
	Plio-Pleist detail	Present - Piocene	High-resolution (need expanded vertical scale); mainly Lourens et al. (GTS2004 tables)
	All Tropical nanno datums combined	Present - Jur.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Boreal			Late CRETACEOUS = mainly Burnett (1998); Early CRETACEOUS = mainly Bown et al. (1998); JURASSIC = Bown and Cooper (1998); TRIASSIC = Bown (1998).
	UC,BC,NJ,NT zones, subzones	mid-Cret - Lt. Trias.
	NK and KN zones	Late Cretaceous	Ages mainly from Burnett (1998)
	Zonal markers	mid-Cret - Lt. Trias.
	Subzonal and other Boreal datums	mid-Cret - Jur.
	All Boreal nanno datums combined	Present - Jur.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Dinoflagellate cysts, Acritarchs and Chitinozoans
Dinoflagellate cysts
North Atlantic			CENOZOIC = mainly J. Powell in GTS2004 (Neogene and Paleogene figures). CRETACEOUS = mainly mainly J.-C. Foucher and E. Monteil (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998). JURASSIC = Poulsen and Riding (2003)
	Zones, subzones	Present - Lt. Trias.
	Zonal and selected markers	Present - Cret.
	Other datums	Present - Jur.
	All N.Atl. datums combined	Present - Jur.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Cenozoic dinocysts of NW Europe (SEPM'98)	NW Europe dinocysts	Cenozoic	Williams et al. (Cenozoic charts in Hardenbol et al., SEPM 60, 1998)
Tethyan
	Cenozoic Tethyan Dinocyst datums (high-res.)	Cenozoic	"W" = Low-lat, w. N.Atl., "I" = Italy; Williams et al. (Cenozoic chart in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998); Neogene: Mediterranean and North Atlantic; Paleogene: Mediterranean
	E.Cret.-Jur. zones	mid-Cret - Lt. Jur.	E. Monteil (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	E.Cret.-Jur. markers	mid-Cret - Trias	(Triassic is mainly S.Hemis.); E. Monteil (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Other markers	e. Cret.	E. Monteil (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	All E.Cret.-Jur. Tethyan datums combined	Present - Jur.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Chitinozoa
Devonian	Zones, datums	Devon.	GTS2004 diagrams (Melchin et al., 2004)
Silurian	Zones	Silurian	Chitinozoan zones are as drawn in GTS04 (Silurian chapter by Melchin-Cooper-Sadler)
Ordovician			Figure 2.2 in Webby et al. (2004; The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event)
	North American zones	Ordovician
	Baltoscandia zones, subzones	Ordovician
	North Gondwana zones	Ordovician
Acritarch -- FUTURE
Siliceous Microfossils
Diatoms
North Pacific (mid-latitude)	Zone, zone markers	Cenozoic	NEOGENE = mainly Maruyama (2000; Table 3). PALEOGENE = partly from J. Barron (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Other Neogene datums	Present - Miocene	High-resolution (need expanded vertical scale); mainly Maruyama (2000; Table 3).
	All datums combined	Cenozoic	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Radiolarians
Cenozoic-Cret	Zones	Present - Cret.	CENOZOIC = Sanfilippo and Nigrini (1998), Nigrini and Sanfilippo (2001). CRETACEOUS = partly from P. de Wever (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998).
Triassic	Tethyan zones, subzones	Triassic	Kozur (2003)
	N.Amer. zones, subzones	Late Triassic	Carter (1993), Kozur (2003)
Permian	Low-latitude	Permian	Kozur (2003)
	Cis-Ural	Permian	Kozur (2003)
Datums		Present - Trias.	CENOZOIC = Sanfilippo and Nigrini (1998), Nigrini and Sanfilippo (2001). MESOZOIC = partly from P. de Wever (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998), but Triassic includes some of Kozur (2003).
	Other Cenozoic datums	Cenozoic	Sanfilippo and Nigrini (1998), Nigrini and Sanfilippo (2001)
	All Radiolarian Datums Combined	Present - Trias.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Charophytes and Calcareous Algae
Charophytes			J. Riveline (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998),
	Zones	Present - Trias
	Datums	Present - Jur.
Calcareous Algae			J.-P. Masse (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998),
	W Europe	e. Cret.
	Periadriatic	e. Cret.


North Sea Micro [PRO DATAPACK]
North Sea dinocysts		Cenozoic	Morton Smelror (2005; via Felix Gradstein; measured from NORGES charts)
Offshore Norway (North Sea) Microfossil zones, markers		Present - Cret.	CENOZOIC = Gradstein and Backstrom (1996); Gradstein et al. (1999), Kaminiski and Gradstein (2005) as summarized on NORGES chart series. CRETACEOUS = Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous subsurface sediments, offshore Norway, based on Gradstein et al., (1999)


Other Marine Macrofossils
Belemnites			R. Combemorel (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	NW Europe zones, subzones	Cret - Jur.
	Balto-Scandia zones	Lt. Cret.
	Tethyan zones, subzones	e. Cret. - Lt. Jur.
	Russian platform zones	Lt. Cret.
Bivalves (Inoceramids, Pelecypods, etc.)
Inoceramids			A.V. Dhondt (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Central European/Russian platform zones; markers	Lt. Cret.
	Western European markers	Lt. Cret.
	Aquitaine markers	Lt. Cret.
Bivalves
	TRIASSIC -- Numbered zones; genera datums, species datums	Triassic	Chris Roberts, pers. commun., Aug 2007; in-press for Triassic time scale special publication for 2009.
	Siberian Pelecypod zones, subzones	Lt. Trias.	P. Van Veen (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
Brachiopods			B. Laurin (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Tethyan zones, subzones	m.-e. Jur.
	Boreal zones, subzones	Lt.-m. Jur.
Rudists			J.-P. Masse and J. Philip (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Western Europe datums	Cretaceous
	Periadriatic datums	Cretaceous
Ostracods			J.-P., Colin et al. (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998)
	Boreal datums	Present - Jur.
	Tethyan datums	Present - Tri.
	French (Jur.) zones, subzones	Jurassic
	Devonian zones, subzones, datums	Devonian	GTS2004 diagrams (House and Gradstein, 2004); Gross-Uffenorde et al. (2000)


Spores / Pollen / Flora
Spores/Pollen
	Alpine/Germanic datums	Triassic	P.A. Hochuli (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998),
	Arctic datums	Triassic	P.A. Hochuli (in Hardenbol et al., SEPM charts, 1998),
	Micro Zones	Carboniferous	GTS2004 diagrams (Davydov et al., 2004)
	Devonian datums	Devonian	GTS2004 diagrams ( Melchin et al., 2004)
	Silurian zones	Silurian	GTS2004 diagrams ( Melchin et al., 2004)
Flora
	Macro Zones	Carboniferous	GTS2004 diagrams (Davydov et al., 2004)


Land Animals; and Paleozoic fish
Vertebrates
	Permian-Silurian zones	Permian-Silurian	GTS2004 diagrams
	Carbon. datums	Carboniferous	GTS2004 diagrams (Davydov et al., 2004)
Mammals
North America	NALMA zones, subzones	Present - mid-Cret.	Woodburne (2004); and J. Hooker (GTS2004 diagrams)
	Zonal and selected datums	Present - mid-Cret.	Woodburne (2004); and J. Hooker (GTS2004 diagrams)
	Plio-Pleist datums	Present - Pliocene	Woodburne (2004); and J. Hooker (GTS2004 diagrams)
	All N.Amer. Mammal datums combined	Present - mid-Cret.	[This is for use in Range chart options]
Europe	ELMA zones	Olig. - Eocene	J. Hooker (GTS2004 diagrams)
	MN-MP zones	Cenozoic	J. Hooker (GTS2004 diagrams)
	Paleogene datums	Paleogene	J. Hooker (GTS2004 diagrams)
Asian	ALMA zones, subzones	Paleogene	J. Hooker (GTS2004 diagrams)
South America	SALMA zones	Cenozoic	NEOGENE zonal ages are taken from The Paleobiology Database accessed Sept, 2005. PALEOGENE zonal ages measured from J. Hooker (GTS2004 Figure 20.4, p.400)


Global Reconstructions (images
	Versions by Ron Blakey		Late Precambrian to Recent globes by Ron Blakey [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext2.html] , based on Chris Scotese's reconstructions [at http://www.scotese.com]


Regional Stages
North America
	Series	Cret, Perm, Ordov.	CRET = GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org); Ordovician from Webby et al (2004)
	Stages	Cret - Precambrian	Cretaceous and Precambrian = GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org); Permian-Carboniferous from Davydov (1996; GTS2004), Silurian = GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org); Ordovician = Webby et al (2004); Cambrian = Shanchi Peng (chair of subcommission, to J. Ogg, Dec. 2005). [See extensive pop-up windows explaining disagreements or uncertainties in calibrations.]
	California	Cenozoic	GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org)
Iberian-Morocco
	Series, Stages	Cambrian	Geyer and Landing (2004)
Western Europe and British
	Series	Cret - Cambrian	Cret = Traditional series-level divisions; Perm-Carb = Davydov (GTS2004) and German Stratigraphic Commission (2002); Ordovician = Webby et al (2004); Cambrian = Shanchi Peng (chair of subcommission, to J. Ogg, Dec. 2005)
	East Avalon Series	Cambrian	Shanchi Peng (chair of subcommission, to J. Ogg, Dec. 2005)
	Stages	Perm - Cambrian	Perm-Carb = Davydov (GTS2004) and German Stratigraphic Commission (2002); Ordovician = Webby et al (2004); GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org).
	W. Europe Substages	Perm - Carb; Ordov.	Perm-Carb = Davydov (GTS2004) and Menning et al (2006); Ordovician from Webby et al (2004). [See extensive pop-up windows explaining disagreements or uncertainties in calibrations.]
	British Substages	e. Carb.	Menning et al (2006), plus advice of Peter Jones (Aust. Natl. Univ.). [See extensive pop-up windows explaining disagreements or uncertainties in calibrations.]
Baltoscandia
	Series, subseries, stages, substages	Sil. - Ordov.	Silurian = partly based on Estonian conodont summary in Männik, 2007, Estonian J. Earth Sci., 56:35-46. Ordovician = Webby et al (2004)
Russian and Ural			NOTE: See the extensive DATAPACK for Russian regional zones and stages (part of PRO suite)
Russia	Series, stages	Jur-Cret, Perm-Carb, Cambrian	Jur-Cret boundary = GTS2004 Jurassic chapter (original was compiled by Sven Backstrom, via Felix Gradstein, ~1995), and Groupe Francais d'etude du Jurassique (1997; Permian = Kotlar and Pronina-Nestell (2005) with fusulinid-ages from Davydov (GTS2004); Carboniferous = Menning et al. (DCP 2006); Cambrian from Shanchi Peng (chair of subcommission, to J. Ogg, Dec. 2005)
	Substages or horizons	Jur-Cret; Perm-Carb	Jur-Cret boundary = GTS2004 Jurassic chapter (original was compiled by Sven Backstrom, via Felix Gradstein, ~1995), and Groupe Francais d'etude du Jurassique (1997; Permian "East-European Stratigraphic Scale 2005" is from Kotlyar and Pronina-Nestell (2005; Permophiles). This scale removed a system of horizons, which are indicated in the comments for each Stage. Fusulinid-ages from Davydov (GTS2004); Carboniferous = Menning et al. (DCP 2006)
	Russia Permian horizons (pre-2005)	Permian (pre-2005) horizons	Kotlar and Pronina-Nestell (2005)
Donets Basin	Substages or horizons, sub-horizons	Carboniferous	Menning et al. (DCP 2006) inter-calibrations to Russian stages
Kazakhstan		Cambrian-PreCambrian	from Shanchi Peng (chair of subcommission, to J. Ogg, Dec. 2005)
Tethyan
	Stages	Permian	Davydov (GTS2004)
East Asian
South China	Series	Perm-Carb; Camb.	Stages/Series and relative placement to ICS stages are from Menning et al. (2006), which is similar to Davydov in GTS04 (but he didn't have Series). Cambrian series = Shanchi Peng (2003, and pers. commun. Nov'07 to Jim Ogg for Concise Geologic Time Scale -- see Peng and Babcock, 2008)
	Stages	Jur - Camb.; Precamb.	GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org); Permian-Carb = Menning et al, 2006; except Late Carboniferous from Zhang and Zhou (2007; Carb-Perm Congress); Ordovician = Webby et al (2004); Cambrian= Shanchi Peng (2003, and pers. commun. Nov'07 to Jim Ogg for Concise Geologic Time Scale -- see Peng and Babcock, 2008)
North China, E. Yunnan	Series, stages	Cambrian	Shanchi Peng (2003)
Japan	Stages	Neogene, Cret.	GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org)
Australia and New Zealand
Australia	Stages	Cenozoic; Ordov.-Camb.	GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org); Cambrian from Shanchi Peng (chair of subcommission, to J. Ogg, Nov'07 for Concise Geologic Time Scale) and from John Laurie (GeoScience Australia, to Jim Ogg, May 2007)
New Zealand chronostratigraphy			NOTE: Suites are in "standard" NZ color scheme. [See extensive pop-up windows with stage definitions.]
	Series, stages, substages, abbreviations	Present - Camb.	NZ Geological Timescale (Cooper et al., 2004), but Ordov-Camb ages made consistent with same-name Australian stages
African
	South Africa	PreCambrian	GeoWhen (compiled by R. Rohde; at www.stratigraphy.org)
Ordovician Time Slices
	Berry et al (2004)	Ordov.	Berry et al (2004)
	Bergstrom and Chen (2007)	Ordov.	Bergstrom and Chen (2007)


Quaternary (high-resolution)
Quaternary Regional Stages			P. Gibbard (2004, and references therein; pers. commun. to J.Ogg, 2006)
	Italian marine stages, substages	Pleistocene
	North America stages, substages	Pleistocene
	NW Europe stages, substages	Pleistocene
	British stages, substages	Pleistocene
	Russian Plain stages, substages	Pleistocene
	New Zealand stages	Pleistocene
Chinese Loess
	Sequence	Pleistocene	An Zhisheng et al. (1990) [measured from their diagram]. "S" = soil levels onto loess; "L" = Loess pulses.
	Magnetic Susc.	Present - Pliocene	An Zhisheng et al. (1990) [measured from their diagram]. Magnetic susceptibility (SI units) = 0 to 230
Antarctic Ice Cores
	delta-Deuterium	Present - mid-Pleist (740 kyr)	Jouzel et al. (2004). Accessed from NCDC Paleoclimatology Program. [scale = -450 to -360 per-mil]
	CO2	Present - mid-Pleist (650 kyr)	0-11 ka = Taylor Dome (Indermuhle et al, 1999a); 11-27 ka = Taylor Dome (Smith et al, 1999); 27-60 kyr = Taylor Dome (Indermuhle et al, 1999b). 64-417 kyr = Vostok (Barnola et al., 2003); 417-649 kyr = Dome C (Siegenthaler, 2005). Accessed from NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, and spliced together. [scale = 180 to 1300 ppmv]
Milankovitch curves		0 to 3 Ma	Analyseries 2.0 output using: Laskar et al (2004)
	Insolation 65N	Pleistocene	[W/m2] function of time and true longitude (season). From time = 0 to 2500 kyr BP. With starting season = 0 deg. from vernal point. With ending season = 180 degrees. With latitude = 65 degrees (north>0, south<0). using the Laskar 2004 solution. And with solar constant = 1365 W/m2. [scale = 335 to 410 Watts/m2]
	Eccentricity	Pleistocene	Laskar et al (2004) [scale = 0 to 0.06, where 0.0 = circular; Present = 0.17]
	Obliquity	Pleistocene	Laskar et al (2004) [scale = 21.5 to 25 degrees, Present = 23.45 degrees]
	Precession	Pleistocene	Laskar et al (2004) [scale = -0.06 to +0.06; Present = +0.01]


Generalized Regional Lithology -- demo sample only			Facies colors and Lithology patterns modified from standard sets used by GeoArabia, USGS and Ocean Drilling Program. See other datapacks (e.g., British Isles, Australia) for regional stratigraphic columns.
	Mississippian type area	e. Carboniferous	Generalized from Heckel (editor, 2005) scaled with conodont zones by Rich Lane (same publication). Column set includes subset of Mississippian benthic foram markers.


Impacts, Volcanism, Tectonics
Impacts	14 columns:		Meteor Impacts [dashed => estimated; arrow UP => younger than this level; DOWN => older]. With URL links for details on every event, Includes a column for impact-icon (if downloaded)
	Global effects (>50 km crater)	Past 2 billion years	Mainly from Earth Impact Database, 2008. [http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/]; plus other publications
	Regional Impacts (<50 km crater)	Past 2 billion years	Pairs of columns (5-50 km, and <5 km) for each region -- Europe, Russia-Asian, Australian, African, North American, South American
	Recent impacts	Past 1 Ma
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
	Super LIPs; Major LIPs	Past 3 billion years	Mainly from Large Igneous Provinces Commission (2008). All events have URL links to their maps and summaries; plus "LIP of the Month" as appropriate.
	Regional LIPs of smaller extent	Past 3 billion years	Columns for each region -- Asia, Europe to Urals, Africa, N.America, S.America, India and Indian Ocean, Australia-Antarctica